Essays --

Andre RibeiroMs. MichaelPre-AP English II1-15-13Rough Draft Charles dickens was not only star of Englands first great novelists, but also one of the most prevelant, enduring figures in using fiction to effectively communicate his ideas, as well as criticize social and moral ideals throughout the Victorian era. Through A Christmas Carol, Dickens uses the wealthy, excentric caricature of Ebeneezer Scrooge as well as the emblematical meanings of the three ghosts to convey and portray a sense of pity and uneven distribution of wealth and class during his time. each groups of symbols and characters play a vital single-valued function in Dickens critique of Victorian society, as well as include solutions for the issues that persisted. In the instance of A Christmas Carol, Dickens was directly inspired to save up a Christmas story highlighting the struggles that the poor faced during the major Depression that occurred during the 1840s, as well as the need for charity from th ose that were considered well-off. Having suffered continual hardships as a child, Dickens attitude toward the wealthy was in fact bitter. As a result, his feelings toward the wealthy, represented by Scrooge as a whole group, was one centered more or less resentment and disregard. The Cratchits, however, portrayed the lives of more impoverished peoples during the era, and described them as being hardworking simpletons with a kind-hearted spirit, regardless of their situation. Tiny Tim was one such example, as he always blessed everyone on multiple occasions, despite his continuing ailments. One key element in Dickens description and thoughts towards Victorian Society is that of moral stand and the satisfaction and happiness of the very contradicting social cl... .... Equality was not a forefront topic during the time, and Dickens was outspoken and intelligent to the extent of pointing out flaws that many members of the current time never pondered. Social issues tend to bec ome increasingly important as time persists, even more so than economic issues. This study completely disregards the social standings of specific members and focuses more on ones morality. If equality is not reached, and a Scrooge-like transformation does not occur, even in todays society, the social system whitethorn collapse upon itself, and an entire middle class may be entirely disregarded. A solution is always at arms reach, but it all begins with the individual. Each human being is in its own respect, much like Scrooge. Moral changes are needed, and the decisions one makes today could potentially affect the lives of many for generations to come.

Essay --

In the following paper, I will be examining and comparing Turkey and Spain in order to determine their overall location towards immigration. I will initiatory go into depth about the history and background of both Spain and Turkey, specifically in regards to immigration. After that, I will tally up with two supposal in order to determine whether learning and political orientation affect Turks and Spains attitudes towards immigration. The first hypothesis lists the relationship between education and attitude towards immigration, while the reciprocal ohm provides the relationship between political orientation and attitude towards immigration. Finally, I will use statistical data to either excavate or disprove my hypothesis. look QuestionFor these two specific countries and our research for them, our research question was Does country matter in political orientation and direct of education and peoples attitudes towards immigrants?Literature ReviewFrom our literature review, we learned that attitudes towards immigrants in a society are influenced by the way the population accepts the i... leaven -- In the following paper, I will be examining and comparing Turkey and Spain in order to determine their overall attitude towards immigration. I will first go into depth about the history and background of both Spain and Turkey, specifically in regards to immigration. After that, I will come up with two hypothesis in order to determine whether education and political orientation affect Turks and Spains attitudes towards immigration. The first hypothesis lists the relationship between education and attitude towards immigration, while the second provides the relationship between political orientation and attitude towards immigration. Finally, I will use statistical data to either prove or disprove my hypothesis.Research QuestionFor these two specific countries and our research for them, our research question was Does country matter in political or ientation and level of education and peoples attitudes towards immigrants?Literature ReviewFrom our literature review, we learned that attitudes towards immigrants in a society are influenced by the way the population accepts the i...

Smokng in Bars :: essays research papers fc

Smoking in BarsWithin the last several years, health issues toward smoking have become a in truth favorite issue. All over the nation, college students are having to deal with put-upon smoke any time they want to go out and socialize with their friends in a immobilize. ill-used smoke can be very detrimental to anybody that it encounters. It is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer and coronary heart disease in nonsmoking adults (TIPS). For years communities have been working to get smoking out of their workplaces, restaurants, and now they are pushing to ban smoking from bars. If you are a non-smoker, this is a very positive movement. It is never very much fun when you go into a bar to hang out with some friends and the whole place is covered with smoke. The whole next day, on screen of maybe having a slight hangover, you will probably be coughing up a lung. Where is the fun in that? This law has already been passed in some places all over the United States. Only a select few are against what is trying to be done. When these laws were being debated at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, some bar and restaurant owners showed up to voice their opinions. They called it extremist, draconian and overly broad, saying it would cause the loss of jobs and the loss of city liquor taxes. They also said the law would hatful an uneven playing field because it allows smoking at restaurants with outdoor patios (Cooper). Of course, you might upset a few customers, but are batch going to throw in coming? Troja, a manager at Johnnys Tavern in Lawrence, does not foresee the ordinance chasing customers away. When it comes down to it, he said, theyre not going to stop going to their favorite tavern just because they cant smoke there (Cooper, par.7).An estimated 1,700 cities across the country restrict smoking, but moreover 74 have smoking bans that, like in Lawrence, include the workplace as well as restaurants and bars. (Cooper) This is great. Why cant mo re people follow suit? An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 35,000 heart disease deaths occur annually among adult nonsmokers in the United States as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (TIPS). College students do not realize that they are putting themselves at risk every time they step foot into these bars.

Amelia Earhart :: essays research papers

Amelia Earhart guides a brief summary of her younger days, and then goes on to give a detailed story of her flight across the Atlantic. 20 hrs. 40 min. opens with Amelia Earhart as a nurses aid in Toronto, Canada. Canada had been at war for 4 days and Amelia saw that there was war work that she could do. The devastation of war affected her whole outlook on life. Planes were a part of war, and this is where Amelia was first introduced to aviation. She believed that the inevitability of ephemeral was one of the few worth-while things that emerged from the war. At the end of her short hospital career, she became a patient herself with an infection and a rather long period of recovery. From Toronto, she briefly go to New York, and then on to Los Angeles. Her Father took her to an air show in Long Beach, and it was there that she knew she wanted to fly. The next day she had her first lesson. From this point on she was addicted to flying. She quickly became an expert pilot and set many records. In the remainder of 20 hrs. 40 min. Amelia gives her detailed log of the flight across the Atlantic as commander of the Friendship. Bad weather had delayed their leaving until June 18th, 1928. Flying through dense fog for most of their journey, they landed in South Wales and not in Ireland as had been planned and with very little fuel left. After her flight, she was overwhelmed by the press and fans because she was the first woman to cross the Atlantic. Amelia was distressed because the others on the knock off were ignored by the reporters. Amelia said that she was only a passenger and didnt understand why she was receiving so much attention. Amelia Earhart proved that if you set your mind to accomplishing a goal, it can happen. She determined at an early age that she wanted to fly when few other women were licensed pilots.

The Tv Era :: essays research papers

The TV EraThe 20th century marked the beginning of a new era - the modern age. Some of the greatest minds the human race has ever witnessed lived and worked during the last several decades. These fathers of technology, who arrived well ahead of their time, created the world as deal know it. Car, airplane, rocket, are only few of the inventions that prepared mankind for the 180&61616 turn. Some of the inventions found their usage in every days life, such as radio, toaster, laundry machine&8230and finally, TV. The TV industry started its development with the invention of the first TV set, somewhere in the early 1950s, and has never stopped growing since. Discussion whether or not television is a positive part of modern life, might seem arguable from several different viewpoints. Positively or not, the television has abnormal the life of almost every human being on the Earth&8230First of all, people who lived before the television era could not hear the latest word of honor at any time. The only source of news was the papers. However, without any significant technology involved, the newspapers could only report on the local events. On the top of that, usually such news offered study not accurate enough and too old to interest greater percentage of the population. All the people lived at the drawn-out pace, by not knowing what was going on around them. For instance, a trading person who worked in the United States could hardly find out how British economy did. In the early presidential elections, the newspapers didnt inform enough those who worked on the farms. Therefore, they did not have credibility to vote. Nowadays, the TV campaigns allow us to know well-nigh every candidates move and his beliefs and opinions towards foreign and domestic politics. More important than anything, with the television, ordinary people have a chance to keep track of world affairs. Today, an modal(a) person can come home from work, take off his shoes, lean back in the chair a nd turn on the TV. Then, he has the access to information about Bosnia and the children starving in Central Africa, both taking place thousands of miles away. On the other hand, the same guy maybe just wishes to watch The institution Cup soccer match, or his favorite soap opera. The possibilities go to infinity. And how do we get the picture on the TV sets as the final product?

The Tv Era :: essays research papers

The TV EraThe 20th century marked the beginning of a new era - the modern age. Some of the great minds the human race has ever witnessed lived and worked during the last several decades. These fathers of technology, who arrived well ahead of their time, created the world as people know it. Car, airplane, rocket, are only few of the subterfuges that fain mankind for the 180&61616 turn. Some of the inventions found their usage in every days life, such as radio, toaster, washing machine&8230and finally, TV. The TV industry started its development with the invention of the first TV set, somewhere in the early 1950s, and has never stopped growing since. Discussion whether or not television is a positive dissolve of modern life, might seem arguable from several different viewpoints. Positively or not, the television has affected the life of almost every human macrocosm on the Earth&8230First of all, people who lived before the television era could not hear the latest discussion at a ny time. The only source of news was the papers. However, without any significant technology involved, the newspapers could only report on the local events. On the top of that, usually such news offered communicateation not high-fidelity enough and too old to interest greater percentage of the population. All the people lived at the slower pace, by not knowing what was going on around them. For instance, a trading person who worked in the United States could hardly find out how British economy did. In the early presidential elections, the newspapers didnt inform enough those who worked on the farms. Therefore, they did not have credibility to vote. Nowadays, the TV campaigns allow us to know about every candidates move and his beliefs and opinions towards foreign and domestic politics. more important than anything, with the television, ordinary people have a chance to keep track of world affairs. Today, an average person can come home from work, get a line off his shoes, lean ba ck in the chair and turn on the TV. Then, he has the access to information about Bosnia and the children starving in Central Africa, both taking place thousands of miles away. On the other hand, the same guy maybe just wishes to watch The World Cup soccer match, or his favorite exclusive opera. The possibilities go to infinity. And how do we get the picture on the TV sets as the final product?

Managing Change and Leading People Essay

Impact of Organisational refinement on determination and responsibilities of the coachs within the organisation (Word counting 2900 / Word limit 3000)Haque, A. U.139________According to Schein (2004) the core concept of organisational culture is takeing an atmosphere and the procedures atomic number 18 bring forthd to en incontestable that employees are properly managed. Glendon and Stanton elaborate the that perceptible brass of an organisation is looked as a climate (2000, p. 198 ). By investigating in to a greater extent depth, it is evident in the past literature, Organisational culture is an outline of collective of import conjectures that the individuals together collectively discover a way that is valid to overcome problems of external adaption as well internal integration, and the validity is a reason that fair employees are existence told that this is the right way to feel, think, and perceive in association to those problems (Schein 1992, p. 12).Lundberg (1990) explains the discern attributes of the organisational culture a framework that is designed on the common and shared out beliefs, interests, perceptions, and values that individuals non merely embrace and governs. It is set of rules and principles that non only make the organisation unique but define the organisational behavior or a common psychology driven from the set of rules (p. 19). Therefore, it dope be give tongue to that organisational culture are the set of norms, beliefs, and simulates that serves the purpose of the organisations existence. The organisational culture is visible at all three levels of the organisation.The above mentioned figure explains that in the first level artefacts there are more visible values that are intimately notice commensurate like dress enter, workplace related patterns etc. In second layer there are espoused values that explains the norms and philosophy of organisational working patternwhere as the third level consist of good belie fs that are generally accepted for granted without any objection or protest. These are underlying assumptions and men take it for granted.Denison (2010) strongly emphasis that over a time period, all types of organisations forms its own culture that serves as a special and unique identity and identity element differentiating it from the other organisations. This shows the significant of the organisational culture that why it is important for the present day rangeers and managers to comprehensively understand it. The better a manager understands the organisational culture, more he or she can motivate and the hands to achieve the organisational targets and objectives because the true vision and purpose of existence of a familiarity is in the heart of beliefs, norms, and culture of the organisation. The leaders and managers can only make themselves and their workforce to live up to the core values or embodied values when they ensure that from inspiring workforce to notch to talk and practically implement those values.The need to understand the organisational culture arise more for the leaders and managers to ensure the resources are allocated in stiff and efficient ways. As per Schien (1985), in the manner things are being through is a significant notion that urges on the significance of understanding about the organisational culture in more depth (Deal and Kennedy, 1982, p. 04).The Above figure 2. reveals that the essentiality of understanding the organisational culture. The model shows that organisational culture is kindred to an iceberg, as it appear to be small at upper go up but deep down is much larger than it appears. If leaders or managers do not properly understand organisational culture, they will not be able to perform their respective assigned tasks nor bring out the beaver from their respective workforce.Watson (2006) strongly highlights that in the present era, the shift in managerial thinking has been singular as now leaders and manager s are more encouraged to make efforts in developing a strong organisational culture.One of the practice is crossway company where leaders play integral part in the organization of the organisational culture (Siriginia, 2012). On the other hand, Schein (2004) argue that leadership is bind with the culture in more than one way. TATA motors is an absolute example that organisational culture has from time to time played vital role in the responsibilities and roles of the leaders. The empirical research of OFarrell (2006) at the Australian public service indicates that principles, code of conduct, statements of values has immense affect on the role and responsibilities of the managers. For instance, Ford motor companys vision of aiming to puzzle star(p) automotive consumer choice, this is a vision bounded in the culture of a company driving the managers towards more excellence in their respective performances as it has change magnitude the role and responsibilities of the managers t o accomplish and view the vision together with the workforce.It is our responsibility as leaders, managers and administrators to transform the vision of the organisation into worldly concern (OFarrell, 2006. p.8). This explains that the roles and responsibilities of the managers cannot be separated from the organisational According to Lester (2010) managers role turns at time into disciplinarian in small organisations as he or she attempts to ensure that the missions and targets are accomplished by the employees due to the organisational culture. However, it is not solely limited to the small organisation as Ryanair is not a small business, but managers role is more disciplinarian due to organisational culture (Riley, 2013). Therefore, it can be said that no matter how simple or complex organisation whitethorn appear but managers assume a explicit role to play that is being architect by the organisational culture.Malinger et al., (2009) emphasized that the organisational culture is indeed a tone setter for the leaders and managers in not only accomplishing the organisational objectives, but the changes are also managed by the managers and leaders due to the existing organisational culture. The same study revea take that managers role may not emerge as clearly as it should have been due to the reason it is at time overshadowed by the organisational culture. To support the statement, a survey at a Goodwin company indicated that managers may not succeed in the bringing the changes in the organisation dueto the lack of employees soulfulnessal motivation. This means that no matter how much strong influences of organisational culture may have on the responsibilities of the managers but there is no guarantee that employees will accept the changes if lacks motivation. Hence, we can say that the responsibilities of the manager further overtake as to motivate and convince the workers towards accepting and embracing the changes for the organisational interest.The role of a manager increase more when the organisational culture demands to bring the changes deep down the organisation. The manager become more of mentor and a coach to ensure that employees are trained to accept and respond in right manner towards the required changes. In the example of Head Start, the managers and leaders role and responsibilities include empowering the workforce in order to bring the best out of them. The Program Culture is the responsibility of the managers to make sure that every individual understand the culture of the organisation and convinced(p)ly contribute towards the organisational success (ECLKC, 2013). In other words, the managers prime role is to create an environment that promotes a healthy relationship among employee with employees, employees with the management, and employees with their respective jobs. Training and development is essential for the managers to ensure that employees are understanding the organisational culture and contributing to wards the organisational interest earlier than personal goals and interests (Bennis, 1989).Lister (2010) propose that the role of managers shaped by the firms with organisational culture that promote the role of disseminated leadership culture where workers are integral part of the formation of the strategies related to business, will urge the managers to have more close coordination and interaction with the employees. From the above figure, it is clear that the corporate culture and strategy of the organisation must be align so that managers can accomplish their goals. Similarly, the research report of Head Start Program published by ECLKC (2013) revealed that the role of manager is to communicate with the workforce properly to make sure that the organisational operations are being carried out in a swift and smooth patterns.However, Riley (2013) strongly argue that leaders and managerspersonal style has more influence in shaping the organisational culture. Considering the graphe me study of Ryanair, the macho management culture is dominated and result of the leadership style of Michael OLeary. Despite, this notion, the management literature suggest that in majority of the cases, it is the organisational culture that has impact on the changing responsibilities and roles of the organisation, such as in the case study of TATA motors and Ford (Sriginia, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that managers may have more interaction with the subordinates to encourage their participation in the decisions.Furthermore, Reed craft Information, (2011) states that individuals inside the organisation forms the organisational culture. Individuals with more authority do lead the firms and have huge influence on the culture as a result of power gene linkage between subordinates and managers or leaders. For this reason, it is essential to develop a comprehensive understanding about the groups distinct behaviors so that organisational culture and its influences on responsibilitie s and roles of the managers can be analyzed. Managers main task is to make received that right things are done in right manner. This means that it is responsibility of the manager to establish the channels in which job is done in correct manner without enticing the workforce to react in a negative way.Mowbray (2010) consider trustworthiness, motivation, wisdom, intelligence, skills to foster others, and attentiveness are some of the key attributes required by the managers to accomplish the organisational objectives finished workforce. Similarly, Kouzes and Posner (1993) also argue that the role of the manager is to built an effective team inside the organisation, that can only be possible when managers posses these types of attributes. The similar findings is evident in extract of Lister (2010) that managers role is to lead by examples. It is the responsibility of the manager to double check that employees are motivated and performing for increasing organisational outcomes.The cor e values of the organisation must be lived by the managers themselves. For this reason, it is important that manager should set examples. Ron Williams of Atena is example of how leading from the front is important as he is the first person who encourages his workforce to be the first personto be informed about the bad news. The organisational culture of Atena has four phases that are (i) Integrity, (ii) Excellence, (iii) Inspiration, and (iv) Caring respectively. These four components are the core competencies of the organisation. The manager is responsible to make certain that quality services are being delivered in an effective and efficient way. The others are being respected and inspired to perform better.These core concepts are the actual components that encourages and develops the role of leader to be more result oriented within this framework. One of the element of Atena is discussed here to explain the impact of culture and that is inspiring individually other to find new w ays to make a world better place. RIB Reed wrinkle Information (2011) also states that managers must have adaption in his approach to develop a culture of positivity at workplace that a firm requires and inspire and empower other employees to do the tasks with positive attitude and intent.However, workwell model (2010) for health management, that is being issued by the Business In The Community BITC does not consider the management behavior as the hub and therefore does not take in account the managers and employees behavior can have influence on the environment but it considers environment as a key consideration that will have a strong influence on the choices and feelings. Since the role of manager as being identified by various researchers as inspiring and motivating employees (Bennis 1989 Lister 2010 and Sirginia, 2012). Therefore, it can be state that full understanding of the organisational culture is essential to increase employee engagement, which is the responsibility of the managers within the organisation.Mowbray (2010) consider that code of conduct is one of the important responsibility of the manager to ensure that all the employees are following the code of conduct regularly. These code of conducts are in reality part of the organisational cultures artefacts. This means that it is the duty of the managers to make sure that the employees are following the code of conduct inside the organisation. This way, it can be said that the management behavior is reflected as well developed through the organisational culture.Furthermore, Mowbray (2010) stressed on the role ofthe manager to maintain a steady focus on the organisational management, people and talent management, and service management. We notice that the values must be promoted and lived by the managers themselves in a practical manner as Blue Skies case study, it was clear that the core values of the firm were not personally lived by the managers and owner which lead to the turmoil and sever e consequences. On the other hand, it is viewed that IKEA Group corporate is preferred by the employees as they feel proud to be part of it. The reason behind it is the values are centre of the culture (IKEA, 2013).The principles, values, and missions are being reflected by the code of conduct as a guiding source for the managers to carry out their responsibilities. These codes enable the managers to manage run afouls and resolve disputes at the workplace. For this purpose, effective converse is very important. It is one of the key responsibility of the managers to monitor and evaluate that the smooth communication is flowing in horizontal as well vertical direction. In case of Head Start values and beliefs are most crucial for the managers and leaders to understand and deliver the best to ensure that the conflicts are unconquerable. Any conflict or issue is an obstacle that will hinder the organisation from performing properly. Therefore, managers responsibility is to make certa in that the conflicts are being resolved in a way that will contributed to the success of the organisation. As the communication channels improve, there is more and more effectiveness and efficiency in the working of the organisation.Everything that a manager manages is with the last goal of reaching and accomplishing the organisational objectives. Planning, organizing, controlling, monitoring, directing, staffing, and coordinating are all the primary roles of the managers in the organisation. All these roles are linked with the one ultimate objective that is to make the most of the available resources to achieve goals and targets of the organisation. It is evident clearly that vision and mission are part of the organisational culture that are translated by the managers through above mentioned roles of the managers. For instance, the managers behavior play vital role in the influencing the behavior of the others was identified in the process of NHSmanagers quality assurance done by the management consultancy PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC, 2009).This means that positive behavior of a manager is important to develop a positive culture so it can be said that it is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that positive workplace environment is established within the organisation. However, the roles and responsibility varies from managers to managers and organisation to organisation because of its own unique culture. It is not that only managers role and responsibilities are being influenced by the organisational culture. There are other things like the behavior, attitude towards work, and commitment and engagement of both employees as well managers are also influenced by the culture of the organisation.On the basis of above analysis it can be said that the organisational culture is like an umbrella under which all the values, beliefs, codes, principles, norms, and procedures groom to give rise to the unique identity of the organisation. The organisational culture is not limited to only written principles, it is something that from walk to talk must be embraced by each and every individual, transformed through the managers and lived by each and every individual. Organisational culture has three significant level that are similar to the iceberg, where underlying assumptions are covered inside rituals and generally taken for granted beliefs. Furthermore, it is also clear that role of manager is to make certain that employees are led by setting examples, building effective teams, promoting smooth channels of communications, conflict management, planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, monitoring, etc are all key roles of the managers.Moreover, it is the responsibility of the manager to make sure that employees are properly trained and embrace the organisational culture properly. The more employees are familiar with the organisational culture, more are the chances of smooth operations and long time sustainability. The organisational culture not only differentiate the organisation from the other in line competitors but helps in the business succession planning and developing the environment to retain the best talents inside the organisation.Employees who have better understanding of the organisational culture, works to promote the organisational goal with more devotion andmotivation. This means that talents are retained by the organisations. However, sometime the norms and beliefs may hinder in the way of progress and change as managers and leader unconsciously follow the same routes that they have been following from long time. It is essential to develop a system through which top management review that the organisational culture is positive and progressive, proving the opportunities for the workforce to be more professional and participative.ReferencesBennis, W. (1989). Why Leaders potbellyt Lead. Training and Development Journal. 43 (4), 38. Deal, T.E. and Kennedy, A.A. (1982). Corporate Cultures The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Reading, MA Peruses Books. Denison, D. (2010). What is an Organisational culture? why culture matters to your organisation . Available http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rd0kf3wd120. Last accessed 16th Dec 2013. ECDK, (1997). Influencing Organizational Culture. Leading Head Start into the Future. Training Guides for the Head Start Learning Community Glendon, A.I. & Stanton, N.A. (2000). Perspectives on sentry go Culture. Safety Science 34, 193-214. IKEA, (2013). Why work at IKEA? available at https//www.ikea.com. Last accessed 16th Dec 2013. Kouzes, J., and Posner, B., (1993), Credibility How Leaders Gain and Lose It. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Lister, J. (2010). Organisational Cultures Effect on Managers Role. Available http//smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-cultures-effects-managers-role-18426.html. Last accessed 16th Dec 2013. Lundberg, C. C. (1990). Surfacing organisational culture. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 5(4), 19-26. Mallinger, M., Go odwin, D., And OHara, T.,. (2009). Reorganizing the organisational culture in Managing Change. Graziado Business Review. 12 (1), 1-30. Mowbray D. (2010). Changing management behavior. occasional paper, vol.3 no.7 OFarrell, G. (2006) Cultures and Values in the Queensland Public Service, Speech presented at the Queensland Regional Heads Forum Annual Business Conference, Conrad Hotel, Broad beach, 25 May 2006. Available at http//www.qrhf.gov.au/04_conferences/georgeofarrell.presentation.pdf.pdf. Last accessed 16th Dec 2013. PwC. (2009). Assuring the quality of senior

Theories of Aging

For this part of the assignment I am going to be describing two theories of ageing. Firstly I w livery be describing the disengagement possibleness and then(prenominal) the Activity theory. I will then be comparing the similarities and differences between the two, and also writing up two case studies of one-magazine(a) tribe and pardon the development that occurs in aged(a) life, relating back to the theories I will have discussed. Firstly the theory of Social Disengagement, detachment means a persons distinguishal from mesh with anything.The theory was first put forward by two authors Cumming and Henry in 1961 who believed that it was natural for the elderly to withdraw from social involvement with separates, due to having restricted opportunities to interact with other wad. There are many issues that limit social interaction which results in disengagement. Some of these may be things similar retirement, ill health, mobility, travel or technology.The theory of disengag ement was widely accepted as other theorists such as Bromley (1974) agreed with the theory arguing that although both(prenominal) individuals fight the process all the way, disengagement of some sort is bound to come, simply because ageing sight have neither the bodily not the intellectual resources they had when they were young. Secondly the Activity theory, this theory argues that nonagenarianer people need to curb mentally and socially participating to limit the risks of disengagement.Being alive(p) agent in older life can help people to everywherecome many of the problems and issues they will have to endure throughout the older lifestage. Being prompt can entangle taking part in sports and activities, joining clubs and groups to go on trips, outings, holidays and even simple things like continuing with hobbies such as horticulture or walk the dog. Being active is very important for many reasons when a person is in the latterlyr geezerhood of life. It is believ ed that its not decent to simple contribute facilities for older people they must be educated to make use of them and encouraged to abandon fixed habits.The main argument for the action theory is that disengagement can ultimately result in loss of physical and mental skills due to lack of practice. My first case study is of a man named Howard Lane, he died aged 75 years old and had been diagnosed with Alzheimers 9 years earlier. Over the 9 years his condition seriously deteriorated. Howard had had a very active life with various jobs such as a Clerk of Works at Par Docks, a mental nurse and other physically demanding roles. He had been married for 52 years and had two grown up children, a daughter Jennie who had two children and a son Richard who had four children.Howard was a very regard grandparent throughout the whole of his grandchildrens lives until his condition deteriorated so badly he couldnt even tell who they were any much. As Howard reached retirement he remained a ve ry engaged active person disrespect the label he was now given as being old. He very a great deal fitted the role at bottom the activity theory, regularly exercising, seeing his family, keeping in contact with them in a number of ways. He and his wife had a finicky passion for dance palace dancing they had won competitionsHe had a very healthy appetite, and had neer smoked or drank at all throughout his life. Although Howard had endlessly been healthy and had no previous health issues and had stayed active throughout his final lifestage he still developed the disease Alzheimers. As the infirmity progressed Howard gradually changed as a person. He became forgetful, got confused easily, and as he began to seriously deteriorate he became violent at times, physically incapable of doing things for himself, he would forget things that had happened and who people were.Further into his illness Howard became more and more disengaged. His whole life had changed due to the process of ageing along with the unfortunate illness he had. Not lone(prenominal) had the disengagement modify Howard as a person it was also affecting a lot around him. Firstly the most obvious effect it was having was on Howards family. They began to be constantly worry somewhat him therefore would be constantly in contact asking him if he was ok. It also put a large sum up of try on his wife Vera, and because she was in her older age as well she found it very hard to deal with the stress she was under.By the time Howard was the age of 71 Vera had no other option but to put Howard in a nursing home so he could receive the plow that he needed. Due to Howards illness Vera had now beseem disengaged, she had spent all of her time bearing after her conserve, worrying to the highest degree him and yack awaying him constantly. another(prenominal) major factor that affected Veras stress was the fees she had to pay at the nursing home. She was very worried close the scale of the cost and was worried about having to sell her home.She had gradually lost contact with her friends and had no time for any personal hobbies or even time to properly look after herself and because of this Vera had become stressed and run down and was finding caring for Howard very hard to negociate with. Her biggest worry and fear constantly being how she would cope with it if Howard died. Bereavement is unremarkably hard to cope with for the elderly especially disengaged people, they are likely to feel more isolated and alone and this is what Vera was frightened of. In effective fact Vera died all of a sudden in December 2003, shortly followed by Howard June 2004.By this time Howard had no understanding of anyone around him as he had little solution to anything, therefore he did not grieve for his wife as he didnt even understand that she was gone. Their family described it as a blessing because in this way Vera never had to cope with the bereavement of losing her partner and neither di d he. Overall retirement did have a positive effect on Vera and Howard to begin with. They had more freedom to be active, pursue their hobbies, spend time together, and with their loved ones.However old age brought ill health which caused Vera and Howard to disengage and become isolated from others which go along to bring ill health and stress. My second case study is about a woman named Ruth Cohen. Ruth Cohen is an 84 year old woman, she had previously been a instructor for nearly 40 years. Ruth has one son of 60 who has two daughters Lisa and Issie, Lisa has a son of 17. Ruth is a very old woman and has a number of health problems including arthritis, high blood pressure, and sight and hearing problems.However Ruth has lead a very healthy and active retirement. Since Ruth has retired she has do voluntary work for a number of charities and her local church as she is a very religious woman. Even in her late 70s Ruth attends church every Sunday and helped to run the local Sunday school. She regularly met her friends from church to go out for tea. She tries to visit her children and grandchild as much as she can however due to her eyesight she cannot drive anymore so her only way of seeing them is to get the bus.In her old age, Ruth despite still being so active has become quite frail and is frightened easily therefore tries to avoid going to places with people she doesnt know, she tends to stay in her own village, go to the same shops and see the same people every day. Ruth was married for 60 years to James, regrettably 14 years ago James passed away due to a heart attack. Ruth obviously had a hard time with the loss of her husband of 60 years however because of the lifestyle Ruth led she managed to carry on with her life and avoided becoming disengaged and easily accepted the support and help of ther whereas a lot of people cannot do so so easily. Because of Ruths personality and the way she was her family didnt feel like they had to constantly worry about her and they knew she would be acquiring on fine without their constant care. However Ruth is getting rather old now so they do visit more frequently and her granddaughter Issie bought her a dog to keep her company and occupied. As Ruth entered her 80s the physical ageing process could no longer be avoided and began to take over her life.She became very weak and could only walk with a Zimmer frame, she became increasingly isolated in her home due to mobility issues and although people did visit she began to feel solitary(a) and depressed. This case study is perfect evidence of the disengagement theory. Although Ruth remained active and dealt with the bereavement she endured and her health issues it was inevitable that age caught up on her, she lead a fulfilling retirement and kept up all of her routines and hobbies as long as she physically could but eventually her mobility limited her life and conventional her emotionally as well as physically.Theories of AgingFor this part of t he assignment I am going to be describing two theories of ageing. Firstly I will be describing the Disengagement theory and then the Activity theory. I will then be comparing the similarities and differences between the two, and also writing up two case studies of older people and explain the development that occurs in older life, relating back to the theories I will have discussed. Firstly the theory of Social Disengagement, disengagement means a persons withdrawal from involvement with anything.The theory was first put forward by two authors Cumming and Henry in 1961 who believed that it was natural for the elderly to withdraw from social involvement with others, due to having restricted opportunities to interact with other people. There are many issues that limit social interaction which results in disengagement. Some of these may be things like retirement, ill health, mobility, travel or technology.The theory of disengagement was widely accepted as other theorists such as Bromle y (1974) agreed with the theory arguing that although some individuals fight the process all the way, disengagement of some sort is bound to come, simply because old people have neither the physical not the mental resources they had when they were young. Secondly the Activity theory, this theory argues that older people need to stay mentally and socially active to limit the risks of disengagement.Being active in older life can help people to overcome many of the problems and issues they will have to endure throughout the older lifestage. Being active can include taking part in sports and activities, joining clubs and groups to go on trips, outings, holidays and even simple things like continuing with hobbies such as gardening or walking the dog. Being active is very important for many reasons when a person is in the later years of life. It is believed that its not enough to simple provide facilities for older people they must be educated to make use of them and encouraged to abando n fixed habits.The main argument for the activity theory is that disengagement can ultimately result in loss of physical and mental skills due to lack of practice. My first case study is of a man named Howard Lane, he died aged 75 years old and had been diagnosed with Alzheimers 9 years earlier. Over the 9 years his condition seriously deteriorated. Howard had had a very active life with various jobs such as a Clerk of Works at Par Docks, a mental nurse and other physically demanding roles. He had been married for 52 years and had two grown up children, a daughter Jennie who had two children and a son Richard who had four children.Howard was a very involved grandparent throughout the whole of his grandchildrens lives until his condition deteriorated so badly he couldnt even tell who they were anymore. As Howard reached retirement he remained a very engaged active person despite the label he was now given as being old. He very much fitted the role within the activity theory, regular ly exercising, seeing his family, keeping in contact with them in a number of ways. He and his wife had a particular passion for ballroom dancing they had won competitionsHe had a very healthy appetite, and had never smoked or drank at all throughout his life. Although Howard had always been healthy and had no previous health issues and had stayed active throughout his final lifestage he still developed the disease Alzheimers. As the illness progressed Howard gradually changed as a person. He became forgetful, got confused easily, and as he began to seriously deteriorate he became violent at times, physically incapable of doing things for himself, he would forget things that had happened and who people were.Further into his illness Howard became more and more disengaged. His whole life had changed due to the process of ageing along with the unfortunate illness he had. Not only had the disengagement affected Howard as a person it was also affecting a lot around him. Firstly the most obvious effect it was having was on Howards family. They began to be constantly worry about him therefore would be constantly in contact asking him if he was ok. It also put a large amount of stress on his wife Vera, and because she was in her older age as well she found it very hard to deal with the stress she was under.By the time Howard was the age of 71 Vera had no other option but to put Howard in a nursing home so he could receive the care that he needed. Due to Howards illness Vera had now become disengaged, she had spent all of her time looking after her husband, worrying about him and visiting him constantly. Another major factor that affected Veras stress was the fees she had to pay at the nursing home. She was very worried about the scale of the costs and was worried about having to sell her home.She had gradually lost contact with her friends and had no time for any personal hobbies or even time to properly look after herself and because of this Vera had become stressed and run down and was finding caring for Howard very hard to cope with. Her biggest worry and fear constantly being how she would cope with it if Howard died. Bereavement is usually hard to cope with for the elderly especially disengaged people, they are likely to feel more isolated and alone and this is what Vera was frightened of. In actual fact Vera died suddenly in December 2003, shortly followed by Howard June 2004.By this time Howard had no understanding of anyone around him as he had little response to anything, therefore he did not grieve for his wife as he didnt even understand that she was gone. Their family described it as a blessing because in this way Vera never had to cope with the bereavement of losing her partner and neither did he. Overall retirement did have a positive effect on Vera and Howard to begin with. They had more freedom to be active, pursue their hobbies, spend time together, and with their loved ones.However old age brought ill health which caused Vera a nd Howard to disengage and become isolated from others which continued to bring ill health and stress. My second case study is about a woman named Ruth Cohen. Ruth Cohen is an 84 year old woman, she had previously been a teacher for nearly 40 years. Ruth has one son of 60 who has two daughters Lisa and Issie, Lisa has a son of 17. Ruth is a very old woman and has a number of health problems including arthritis, high blood pressure, and sight and hearing problems.However Ruth has lead a very healthy and active retirement. Since Ruth has retired she has done voluntary work for a number of charities and her local church as she is a very religious woman. Even in her late 70s Ruth attends church every Sunday and helped to run the local Sunday school. She regularly met her friends from church to go out for tea. She tries to visit her children and grandchild as much as she can however due to her eyesight she cannot drive anymore so her only way of seeing them is to get the bus.In her old a ge, Ruth despite still being so active has become quite frail and is frightened easily therefore tries to avoid going to places with people she doesnt know, she tends to stay in her own village, go to the same shops and see the same people every day. Ruth was married for 60 years to James, unfortunately 14 years ago James passed away due to a heart attack. Ruth obviously had a hard time with the loss of her husband of 60 years however because of the lifestyle Ruth led she managed to carry on with her life and avoided becoming disengaged and easily accepted the support and help of ther whereas a lot of people cannot do so so easily. Because of Ruths personality and the way she was her family didnt feel like they had to constantly worry about her and they knew she would be getting on fine without their constant care. However Ruth is getting rather old now so they do visit more frequently and her granddaughter Issie bought her a dog to keep her company and occupied. As Ruth entered her 80s the physical ageing process could no longer be avoided and began to take over her life.She became very weak and could only walk with a Zimmer frame, she became increasingly isolated in her home due to mobility issues and although people did visit she began to feel lonely and depressed. This case study is perfect evidence of the disengagement theory. Although Ruth remained active and dealt with the bereavement she endured and her health issues it was inevitable that age caught up on her, she lead a fulfilling retirement and kept up all of her routines and hobbies as long as she physically could but eventually her mobility limited her life and effected her emotionally as well as physically.

Essay About Bullying Essay

There are millions of children in the United States that attend local nurture districts that are suffering from an epidemic on the wholey called deterrence. deterrence does not discriminate against age, sex, or race it is an ongoing problem that deficiencys addressing immediately. It is vital that this patch is identified to prevent irreversible psychological damage to the victim. If this situation is not detained in a timely manner the situation can destroy an individuals self-image and many times nourish fatal consequences. It is meaty to train school district employees and parents with a variety of strategies to assist victims with bullying. There are many factors that can contribute to a child or young in becoming a target of bullying. There are no specific characteristics that will prevent an individual in becoming a target.Bullies lock in al iodine or in a group to torment their victim. Bullies al shipway pick victims that seem vulnerable to them and know that they wil l not react to the situation. strong-arm has been defined as a repeated aggressive behavior whereby a bully, or groups of bullies, systematically victimized weaker peers (Olweus, 1993 Willard, & Perry, 1990). Bullying grew tremendously in the last decade, it is no all-night just about being made fun of the way you dress or look now it is more complicated. Bullying no longer stays in classrooms, schools, or neighborhoods. Technology allows bullying to travel around the realism in a question of minutes this process is done done your fingertips. There are many types of bullying the old fashion type are still in place the bully victimize its target victim face to face it consist of pointing at a person laughing at them and standing there until they see them cry. There is likewise indirect bullying this means that they make no physical contact with the victim the bullies just spread rumors about the victim and ruin their reputation and credibility with their peers.Now with enginee ring science being so advanced cyber-bullying has made its entrance which consists of bullying an individual through websites like face book, Instagram, twitter, or any school website that students create.Another decent trend that is in the rise is sexting. Sexting consists of sending or receiving explicit or sexually suggestive nude or seminude images generally via cell knell devices only. In our society today, we see a exploitation concern regarding bullying. Teacher and professionals are conscious(predicate) of bullying, was not taken lightly as decades ago. All school districts nationwide have adopted a policy that has been in effect its called Anti-Bullying policy. This policy has a zero tolerance in bullying in school grounds. Once the victim reports the incident school officials have to take immediate action to protect the victim from the aggressor. School district have also developed many intervention plans and strategies to avoid bullying, they are proactive in the anti -bullying policy.Districts are making sure that every student is aware of the anti-bullying policy and direct techniques in how to protect themselves and where to seek for help if needed. Bullying is not considered a dominion part of growing up. When parents would state that bullying is a part of growing up that the victim had to toughen up, or like many would day it is just childs play. They never realize that impact that these victims had in their adulthood due to the bullying in their childhood years. Being bullied creates an abnormal family environment. The victim distances themselves from the family to avoid having to discuss the problem. Many times this causes scars in the victims that it prevents them from living a normal life. In cases like this, it is recommended that individuals look for help immediately. A professional is the best option for a family in assisting them in the healing process. We need to find ways to target bullying efficiently to avoid low self-esteem i ssues that children and adolescents are encountering in their safe zone that should be their school and environment.We need to be aware that if these problems are not targeted the victims will have emotional and mental problems and may lead them to commit suicide. America is a land of dreams and opportunities this country has been liberal and allows everyone to have freedom of speech. We are now at an era that peoples rights are equal. Now laws have been changed to respect the gay and lesbian alliance rights in society. There are clubs and organizations in schools that support lesbian and gay rights. These types of clubs create a tense situation among peers and people that join these clubs become targets of bullying. Observing the world of bullying we are able to identify the potential harm that causeschildren and adolescents to live trapped in this life. As counselors, our job is to be able to identify this matter quickly.To try to prevent the victim in falling through the cracks a nd start experimenting with drugs, suffer from depression or decide to escape the situation through suicide. We all need to unite and stand together and target this problem hand in hand with all the resources available. The commitment we have to the community should be one hundred percent. In conclusion, we are aware of the types of bullying that exist in society today, we are also armed with the best key to defeating this issues knowledge. Our oath as professionals is that we are willing to go over and beyond to help a bullying victim and their families. Considering all the points discussed today we are able to acknowledge that we need to create a team with parents to make sure that if a problem of bullying ever arises we are able to communicate and prevent a victim to becoming psychologically disturb and a family to lose a loved one.ReferencesPersonality & Mental Health. Nov 2012, 6 (4), 325-339.15Retrieve on 3/21/14FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Jun 2013, 82(6), 2-4-5Retrieve on 3 /21/14

Volcanoes: Volcano and Lava Acidic Lava

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planets surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface. The lifespan of a volcano can be about from a few months to a million years. A very popular way of classifying the volcanoes based on the frequence of their eruptions. Magma is molten rock wi shorten the earths crust. When magma erupts by dint of the earths surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and wordy-moving or thin and fast-moving.Rocks also come from volcanoes in other social classs, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcanoes), cinders (bits of fragmented lava), and pumice (light-weight rock that is all-inclusive of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions this type of rock can float on water). The largest volcano on the earth is Mauna Loa located in Hawaii. This volcano is about 10,000m from the sea floor to the summit. It rises 4000m above sea level. The m ost active volcano is drive St. Helens located in Washington state. TYPES OF VOLCANOES 1. Active volcanoes . torpid volcanoes 3. out(p) volcanoes ACTIVE VOLCANOES Volcanoes which erupt frequently ar called active volcanoes. Active volcanoes are those which erupted lava, gases, pumice, cinder etc in the recent historic periods. Presently at that place are about 500 active volcanoes around the earth of which most of them are located in the pacific ring of fire. E g Mauna Loa which erupted recently in Hawaii in the year 1984. Augustine volcano which is located in Alaska and erupted in the year 1991. Mount St. Helens in Washington which erupted from 1980-1986 and again in the year 2004. peaceful RING OF FIRE WHERE MAJORITY OF THE EARTHS VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED. DORMANT VOLCANOES It is ordinarily difficult to distinguish dormant and extinct volcanoes from each other. Dormant volcanoes are those which erupted in the past and are likely to erupt again after remaining inactive for fairl y long periods. These volcanoes are also called sleeping volcanoes which whitethorn become active once again. Volcanoes are becoming dormant because the earths plates are continuously shifting above volcanic hotspots. Each clip the hotspot reaches the surface, it creates a smart volcano.The tectonic plate continues to shift above the hotspot, and eventually the volcano is shut off from the magma chamber beneath. And so the magma finds a new source to the surface, creating a new active volcano. The older volcano stops erupting and becomes dormant. E g Mount Rainer in Washington, Mount Fujiyama on Honshu, in Japan and Mount Etna in Greece. Mount Fujiyama, Japan EXTINCT VOLCANOES Extinct volcanoes are ones which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again, because the volcano has no lava supply. Extinct volcanoes are those which were active in the remote geological periods.Its very hard to differentiate between extinct and dormant volcanoes. For example Mount Vesuvius hadnt erupted i n a very long that the Romans of the 79 A. D. had no warning of its eruption, and no defense against its destruction of the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Eg Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Warning in Australia, Elburus in Russia. Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania TYPES OF ERUPTIONS 1. CONICAL VOLCANO 2. SHIELD VOLCANO Conical Volcanoes The most common type of eruption takes at a period of time on the earths surface.Magma and other materials get erupted through a narrow conduit or pipe and get accumulated around the point of eruption. Such accumulation of erupted materials leads to formation of a conical hill. Shield Volcanoes A second type of eruption takes place along a narrow fissure in the crust. Large quantities of magma are erupted and these spread over a large area. The magma gets solidified as thick sheets of lava to form extensive lava plateau e. g. Deccan plateau, Idaho Plateau in the USA. LAVA Lava is the word for magma (melted rock) which comes out of the volcano ont o the earths surface.When lava comes out, it cools and forms rocks. On the basis of composition of lava it is divided into two basic types of lava. Lava is exactly the same thing as magma, except magma is found inside the volcano. The form of the cone depends on the type of lava which comes out of that particular volcano. TYPES OF LAVA 1. Acidic lava 2. Basic lava ACIDIC LAVA Acidic lava comes from the composite cones, it is slow moving and viscous. The acid lava cone has a narrow base, but it is high with conical shape. Acidic lava is rich in Silica but poor is agitate and magnesium. It has a low density but, high melting point.When the volcano erupts with a heavy outburst, this type of lava forms high, steep-sided cones and solidifies in the vent, which in turn creates a plug through which it may erupt again. An example of an acid lava dome is Mount Lassen in California. Mount Lassen, California BASIC LAVA It is the hottest lava at about 1000 degrees Celsius and is highly flui d. It is ordinarily dark in color like basalt it is rich in iron and magnesium but poor is silica. It is not very explosive and flows quietly at about a speed of 10 20 km/hr. When the lava is basic in composition it flows down the slope of land and gets solidified away from the vent.In such cases, the volcanic cone obtains a broad summit with gentle slopes around it, these are called lava shields because the shape of the volcano looks like a shield equivocation on the ground. OTHER FEATURES OF VOLCANOES CRATERS Craters are formed when a volcano erupts explosively, a portion of the summit gets blown off to form a depression called a crater, crater lakes are also results of volcanic activities. Crater Lake, Kutmai national Park CALDERA In some volcanoes, the summit of the volcano blows up during a violent explosion resulting in the formation of a large depression called a Caldera.Some calderas are occupied by large lakes. In the state of Oregon, United States, there is a large ca ldera which has a diameter of 9km. Calderas are normally considered to be large than a crater. INTRUSIVE VOLCANIC FORMS Intrusive igneous landforms result from the modify and crystallization of magmas beneath the surface, followed by erosion of overlying rock so that the intrusive landform is exposed at Earths surface. The study of intrusive landforms is important in that rocks contained inwardly them provide important information about internal earth igneous processes which cannot be directly observed. . Batholiths Typically, are composed of multiple smaller intrusive bodies containing a variety of igneous rock types. They are gigantic intrusions of coarse grained igneous mass formed when a huge reservoir of magma cools and solidifies in an irregular shape. They form the core of old mountains. They are dome-shaped with no definite base. Smaller versions of batholiths are also called stocks or bosses. 2. Stocks It is an irregular igneous intrusion of magma, usually an offshoot o f a batholith. 3.Sills These are intrusions of magma/lava of horizontal shape which get solidified between layers of horizontal sedimentary rock. They form terraces or benches on hill-slopes. 4. Laccoliths similar to a sill but magma collects as a lens shaped mass that arches the overlying layers upward. Magma viscosity is slightly higher than that for a sill. 5. Dykes It is a sheet like intrusive body. They are normally vertical in shape. They are usually narrow but may extend several kilometers in length. Dykes are more resistant, because of their igneous origin.